§ 1. Ask a biologist what the most intelligent creatures are on Earth, and they'll probably come up with a fairly similar list: larger mammals such as horses, dogs, dolphins, pigs, the great apes as well as some birds like crows and ravens. But now some scientists believe that one of the most intelligent beings on Earth is in fact the octopus  — which doesn't belong to any of these groups.

§ 2. Every schoolchild knows that octopuses have eight legs and can shoot ink while trying to escape from enemies. But there are many other unusual things about octopuses. For example, if an octopus loses a leg, it can grow a new one. It also has three hearts and complex eyes, which seem to belong to a mammal rather than a Sea creature. Octopuses also seem to be experts at escaping  — they have extremely soft, flexible bodies and can escape through holes not much bigger than their eyes.

§ 3. However, even until quite recently, little was known about octopus intelligence. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, octopuses usually live at the bottom of river mouths and seas - areas which are not attractive to researchers. Secondly, they are not social animals so it can be difficult to study their interaction with others. Perhaps most importantly, octopus intelligence is not easy for humans to understand. Octopuses seem like strangers. Scientists need to have a lot of imagination to be able to understand what an octopus is thinking!

§ 4. In the 1950s, the US Air Force sponsored scientists to study the way octopuses use their brains. They hoped that they could use this knowledge to help them build better computers. However, their brains were so complex that the scientists quickly gave up. And even today the octopus brain is a mystery. Octopuses have a very complex nervous system and recent research suggests that they have some of their intelligence inside each arm, which means that each arm can 'think' for itself. It also appears that they have good memories, perhaps similar to a cat's. Some Octopuses in laboratories seem to play with objects as if they were toys  — a sure sign of intelligence. Others could pick up complicated skills like opening jars.

§ 5. Perhaps the most striking thing about octopuses is their ability to change their colour and body pattern. They do this to camouflage themselves and also to communicate with others. They can completely change their appearance in less than a second. A scientist once observed an octopus that changed its appearance nearly 1,000 times during seven hours of feeding!

§ 1. Ask a biologist what the most intelligent creatures are on Earth, and they'll probably come up with a fairly similar list: larger mammals such as horses, dogs, dolphins, pigs, the great apes as well as some birds like crows and ravens. But now some scientists believe that one of the most intelligent beings on Earth is in fact the octopus  — which doesn't belong to any of these groups.

§ 2. Every schoolchild knows that octopuses have eight legs and can shoot ink while trying to escape from enemies. But there are many other unusual things about octopuses. For example, if an octopus loses a leg, it can grow a new one. It also has three hearts and complex eyes, which seem to belong to a mammal rather than a Sea creature. Octopuses also seem to be experts at escaping  — they have extremely soft, flexible bodies and can escape through holes not much bigger than their eyes.

§ 3. However, even until quite recently, little was known about octopus intelligence. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, octopuses usually live at the bottom of river mouths and seas - areas which are not attractive to researchers. Secondly, they are not social animals so it can be difficult to study their interaction with others. Perhaps most importantly, octopus intelligence is not easy for humans to understand. Octopuses seem like strangers. Scientists need to have a lot of imagination to be able to understand what an octopus is thinking!

§ 4. In the 1950s, the US Air Force sponsored scientists to study the way octopuses use their brains. They hoped that they could use this knowledge to help them build better computers. However, their brains were so complex that the scientists quickly gave up. And even today the octopus brain is a mystery. Octopuses have a very complex nervous system and recent research suggests that they have some of their intelligence inside each arm, which means that each arm can 'think' for itself. It also appears that they have good memories, perhaps similar to a cat's. Some Octopuses in laboratories seem to play with objects as if they were toys  — a sure sign of intelligence. Others could pick up complicated skills like opening jars.

§ 5. Perhaps the most striking thing about octopuses is their ability to change their colour and body pattern. They do this to camouflage themselves and also to communicate with others. They can completely change their appearance in less than a second. A scientist once observed an octopus that changed its appearance nearly 1,000 times during seven hours of feeding!

§ 1. Ask a biologist what the most intelligent creatures are on Earth, and they'll probably come up with a fairly similar list: larger mammals such as horses, dogs, dolphins, pigs, the great apes as well as some birds like crows and ravens. But now some scientists believe that one of the most intelligent beings on Earth is in fact the octopus  — which doesn't belong to any of these groups.

§ 2. Every schoolchild knows that octopuses have eight legs and can shoot ink while trying to escape from enemies. But there are many other unusual things about octopuses. For example, if an octopus loses a leg, it can grow a new one. It also has three hearts and complex eyes, which seem to belong to a mammal rather than a Sea creature. Octopuses also seem to be experts at escaping  — they have extremely soft, flexible bodies and can escape through holes not much bigger than their eyes.

§ 3. However, even until quite recently, little was known about octopus intelligence. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, octopuses usually live at the bottom of river mouths and seas - areas which are not attractive to researchers. Secondly, they are not social animals so it can be difficult to study their interaction with others. Perhaps most importantly, octopus intelligence is not easy for humans to understand. Octopuses seem like strangers. Scientists need to have a lot of imagination to be able to understand what an octopus is thinking!

§ 4. In the 1950s, the US Air Force sponsored scientists to study the way octopuses use their brains. They hoped that they could use this knowledge to help them build better computers. However, their brains were so complex that the scientists quickly gave up. And even today the octopus brain is a mystery. Octopuses have a very complex nervous system and recent research suggests that they have some of their intelligence inside each arm, which means that each arm can 'think' for itself. It also appears that they have good memories, perhaps similar to a cat's. Some Octopuses in laboratories seem to play with objects as if they were toys  — a sure sign of intelligence. Others could pick up complicated skills like opening jars.

§ 5. Perhaps the most striking thing about octopuses is their ability to change their colour and body pattern. They do this to camouflage themselves and also to communicate with others. They can completely change their appearance in less than a second. A scientist once observed an octopus that changed its appearance nearly 1,000 times during seven hours of feeding!

§ 1. Ask a biologist what the most intelligent creatures are on Earth, and they'll probably come up with a fairly similar list: larger mammals such as horses, dogs, dolphins, pigs, the great apes as well as some birds like crows and ravens. But now some scientists believe that one of the most intelligent beings on Earth is in fact the octopus  — which doesn't belong to any of these groups.

§ 2. Every schoolchild knows that octopuses have eight legs and can shoot ink while trying to escape from enemies. But there are many other unusual things about octopuses. For example, if an octopus loses a leg, it can grow a new one. It also has three hearts and complex eyes, which seem to belong to a mammal rather than a Sea creature. Octopuses also seem to be experts at escaping  — they have extremely soft, flexible bodies and can escape through holes not much bigger than their eyes.

§ 3. However, even until quite recently, little was known about octopus intelligence. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, octopuses usually live at the bottom of river mouths and seas - areas which are not attractive to researchers. Secondly, they are not social animals so it can be difficult to study their interaction with others. Perhaps most importantly, octopus intelligence is not easy for humans to understand. Octopuses seem like strangers. Scientists need to have a lot of imagination to be able to understand what an octopus is thinking!

§ 4. In the 1950s, the US Air Force sponsored scientists to study the way octopuses use their brains. They hoped that they could use this knowledge to help them build better computers. However, their brains were so complex that the scientists quickly gave up. And even today the octopus brain is a mystery. Octopuses have a very complex nervous system and recent research suggests that they have some of their intelligence inside each arm, which means that each arm can 'think' for itself. It also appears that they have good memories, perhaps similar to a cat's. Some Octopuses in laboratories seem to play with objects as if they were toys  — a sure sign of intelligence. Others could pick up complicated skills like opening jars.

§ 5. Perhaps the most striking thing about octopuses is their ability to change their colour and body pattern. They do this to camouflage themselves and also to communicate with others. They can completely change their appearance in less than a second. A scientist once observed an octopus that changed its appearance nearly 1,000 times during seven hours of feeding!

During our lifetime most of us have some experience of either owning a pet or being (1) ... close contact with someone who does. Various factors influence one's choice of pets, from your reasons (2) ... getting a pet to your lifestyle. For example, although quite a few pets are relatively cheap to buy, (3) ... cost of maintenance can be considerable. Everything must be taken (4) ... account, from food and bedding, to vaccinations and veterinary bills. You must be prepared to spend money and time (5) ... your pet, which involves shopping for it, cleaning and feeding it. Pets can be demanding and (6) ... big responsibility. People get pets for company, security or to teach responsibility (7) ... children. Pets can be affectionate and loyal and (8) ... excellent source of company as long as you know what pet suits you and your lifestyle.

During our lifetime most of us have some experience of either owning a pet or being (1) ... close contact with someone who does. Various factors influence one's choice of pets, from your reasons (2) ... getting a pet to your lifestyle. For example, although quite a few pets are relatively cheap to buy, (3) ... cost of maintenance can be considerable. Everything must be taken (4) ... account, from food and bedding, to vaccinations and veterinary bills. You must be prepared to spend money and time (5) ... your pet, which involves shopping for it, cleaning and feeding it. Pets can be demanding and (6) ... big responsibility. People get pets for company, security or to teach responsibility (7) ... children. Pets can be affectionate and loyal and (8) ... excellent source of company as long as you know what pet suits you and your lifestyle.

During our lifetime most of us have some experience of either owning a pet or being (1) ... close contact with someone who does. Various factors influence one's choice of pets, from your reasons (2) ... getting a pet to your lifestyle. For example, although quite a few pets are relatively cheap to buy, (3) ... cost of maintenance can be considerable. Everything must be taken (4) ... account, from food and bedding, to vaccinations and veterinary bills. You must be prepared to spend money and time (5) ... your pet, which involves shopping for it, cleaning and feeding it. Pets can be demanding and (6) ... big responsibility. People get pets for company, security or to teach responsibility (7) ... children. Pets can be affectionate and loyal and (8) ... excellent source of company as long as you know what pet suits you and your lifestyle.

During our lifetime most of us have some experience of either owning a pet or being (1) ... close contact with someone who does. Various factors influence one's choice of pets, from your reasons (2) ... getting a pet to your lifestyle. For example, although quite a few pets are relatively cheap to buy, (3) ... cost of maintenance can be considerable. Everything must be taken (4) ... account, from food and bedding, to vaccinations and veterinary bills. You must be prepared to spend money and time (5) ... your pet, which involves shopping for it, cleaning and feeding it. Pets can be demanding and (6) ... big responsibility. People get pets for company, security or to teach responsibility (7) ... children. Pets can be affectionate and loyal and (8) ... excellent source of company as long as you know what pet suits you and your lifestyle.

During our lifetime most of us have some experience of either owning a pet or being (1) ... close contact with someone who does. Various factors influence one's choice of pets, from your reasons (2) ... getting a pet to your lifestyle. For example, although quite a few pets are relatively cheap to buy, (3) ... cost of maintenance can be considerable. Everything must be taken (4) ... account, from food and bedding, to vaccinations and veterinary bills. You must be prepared to spend money and time (5) ... your pet, which involves shopping for it, cleaning and feeding it. Pets can be demanding and (6) ... big responsibility. People get pets for company, security or to teach responsibility (7) ... children. Pets can be affectionate and loyal and (8) ... excellent source of company as long as you know what pet suits you and your lifestyle.

I had been invited by Jack and his son John to participate in a film they were making about shark diving. I had been diving and writing about the ocean for a decade and had frequently found myself in the water with sharks. Never intentionally. They just appeared, unwanted. The idea of swimming with them seemed dangerous. Still, Jack McKen- ney had asked me to participate. 1)____

To attract the sharks, we laid out plastic boxes wired together and filled with frozen fish. Once dropped over the side, the boxes lay half in and half out of the water: As the bait thawed, a long line of blood and fish followed us. (2)____

The stars of the film promised to be blue sharks. Fast and slim-bodied with pointed snouts, they grow to 12 feet in length and are known to attack humans. (3)____I thought someone was welcoming our visitors by pounding rapidly on a large bass drum. Then I realised that the fierce pounding was the beating of my own heart.

The shark cage sat on the deck. It was mainly constructed from wire. The idea was to swim into the cage once under the water. The only hand-held weapon I was given was a broom handle.

By the time I got to the cage, five sharks were swimming around us. As they glided past, they seemed curious, and'I felt like something hung up in a meat market. (4)____Strangely, proximity seemed to calm my fear.

We began to hand-feed the sharks as they cruised by the cage. Several times, I offered a fish, then yanked it away at the crucial moment. Then I felt guilty about teasing the monsters and began to want more contact.

I decided to go outside the cage. (5)____“They tend to hit some part of your body that is not moving. Usually this means the head.”

Outside the cage and checking in all directions, I moved to where Jack was shooting one particular shark for the film. (6)____It put on a slight burst of speed and glided in my direction. I had ten seconds to get my own broom handle in position, and when the shark was a foot away, I hit it firmly, on the snout. The shark twisted away, and disappeared into the depths. Relieved, I realised the mildest show of aggression seemed to put these fellows off their feed.

I had been invited by Jack and his son John to participate in a film they were making about shark diving. I had been diving and writing about the ocean for a decade and had frequently found myself in the water with sharks. Never intentionally. They just appeared, unwanted. The idea of swimming with them seemed dangerous. Still, Jack McKen- ney had asked me to participate. 1)____

To attract the sharks, we laid out plastic boxes wired together and filled with frozen fish. Once dropped over the side, the boxes lay half in and half out of the water: As the bait thawed, a long line of blood and fish followed us. (2)____

The stars of the film promised to be blue sharks. Fast and slim-bodied with pointed snouts, they grow to 12 feet in length and are known to attack humans. (3)____I thought someone was welcoming our visitors by pounding rapidly on a large bass drum. Then I realised that the fierce pounding was the beating of my own heart.

The shark cage sat on the deck. It was mainly constructed from wire. The idea was to swim into the cage once under the water. The only hand-held weapon I was given was a broom handle.

By the time I got to the cage, five sharks were swimming around us. As they glided past, they seemed curious, and'I felt like something hung up in a meat market. (4)____Strangely, proximity seemed to calm my fear.

We began to hand-feed the sharks as they cruised by the cage. Several times, I offered a fish, then yanked it away at the crucial moment. Then I felt guilty about teasing the monsters and began to want more contact.

I decided to go outside the cage. (5)____“They tend to hit some part of your body that is not moving. Usually this means the head.”

Outside the cage and checking in all directions, I moved to where Jack was shooting one particular shark for the film. (6)____It put on a slight burst of speed and glided in my direction. I had ten seconds to get my own broom handle in position, and when the shark was a foot away, I hit it firmly, on the snout. The shark twisted away, and disappeared into the depths. Relieved, I realised the mildest show of aggression seemed to put these fellows off their feed.

Citymeahs on Wheels is one of the largest meals-on-wheels programmes in the United States. The team there (1) ... over two million meals by hand every year to more than 18,000 elderly New Yorkers who can no longer shop or cook for themselves. Gael Greene, a restaurant critic, and James Beard, cookbook author, (2) ... the organisation back in 1981. They (3) ... to learn that budget cuts meant that many elderly New Yorkers had nothing to eat on weekends and holidays. So they decided to do something. By asking friends and co-workers in the food community, they were able to raise $30,000 to help them give a meal to 6,000 elderly people! Since then, the operation (4) ..., and the demand is now far greater.

Citymeahs on Wheels is one of the largest meals-on-wheels programmes in the United States. The team there (1) ... over two million meals by hand every year to more than 18,000 elderly New Yorkers who can no longer shop or cook for themselves. Gael Greene, a restaurant critic, and James Beard, cookbook author, (2) ... the organisation back in 1981. They (3) ... to learn that budget cuts meant that many elderly New Yorkers had nothing to eat on weekends and holidays. So they decided to do something. By asking friends and co-workers in the food community, they were able to raise $30,000 to help them give a meal to 6,000 elderly people! Since then, the operation (4) ..., and the demand is now far greater.

Citymeahs on Wheels is one of the largest meals-on-wheels programmes in the United States. The team there (1) ... over two million meals by hand every year to more than 18,000 elderly New Yorkers who can no longer shop or cook for themselves. Gael Greene, a restaurant critic, and James Beard, cookbook author, (2) ... the organisation back in 1981. They (3) ... to learn that budget cuts meant that many elderly New Yorkers had nothing to eat on weekends and holidays. So they decided to do something. By asking friends and co-workers in the food community, they were able to raise $30,000 to help them give a meal to 6,000 elderly people! Since then, the operation (4) ..., and the demand is now far greater.

Citymeahs on Wheels is one of the largest meals-on-wheels programmes in the United States. The team there (1) ... over two million meals by hand every year to more than 18,000 elderly New Yorkers who can no longer shop or cook for themselves. Gael Greene, a restaurant critic, and James Beard, cookbook author, (2) ... the organisation back in 1981. They (3) ... to learn that budget cuts meant that many elderly New Yorkers had nothing to eat on weekends and holidays. So they decided to do something. By asking friends and co-workers in the food community, they were able to raise $30,000 to help them give a meal to 6,000 elderly people! Since then, the operation (4) ..., and the demand is now far greater.

Dear John,

I've just heard this morning that I got the job! To celebrate, I'm inviting a few friends to a small party next Saturday night. Do come and bring your new girl-friend. It should be fun! (1) ... me know whether you can make it or not, just in case I end up inviting too many people! The flat's not big (2) ... for a huge crowd I am (3) ... forward to seeing you.

Yours, Sally

Dear John,

I've just heard this morning that I got the job! To celebrate, I'm inviting a few friends to a small party next Saturday night. Do come and bring your new girl-friend. It should be fun! (1) ... me know whether you can make it or not, just in case I end up inviting too many people! The flat's not big (2) ... for a huge crowd I am (3) ... forward to seeing you.

Yours, Sally

Dear John,

I've just heard this morning that I got the job! To celebrate, I'm inviting a few friends to a small party next Saturday night. Do come and bring your new girl-friend. It should be fun! (1) ... me know whether you can make it or not, just in case I end up inviting too many people! The flat's not big (2) ... for a huge crowd I am (3) ... forward to seeing you.

Yours, Sally

It's hard to find a place to eat which satisfies the whole family. I remember my parents taking me as a child to the most (1) ... restaurant they could find. They didn't think it was worth spending a lot of money on someone who had notable manners. Today the choice of restaurants is so great, however, that total (2) ... is rare. It's difficult to explain exactly what I am looking for in a restaurant. It's certainly not (3) ... surroundings, although I must admit that I'm usually (4) ... to go into a place that looks dirty.

It's hard to find a place to eat which satisfies the whole family. I remember my parents taking me as a child to the most (1) ... restaurant they could find. They didn't think it was worth spending a lot of money on someone who had notable manners. Today the choice of restaurants is so great, however, that total (2) ... is rare. It's difficult to explain exactly what I am looking for in a restaurant. It's certainly not (3) ... surroundings, although I must admit that I'm usually (4) ... to go into a place that looks dirty.

It's hard to find a place to eat which satisfies the whole family. I remember my parents taking me as a child to the most (1) ... restaurant they could find. They didn't think it was worth spending a lot of money on someone who had notable manners. Today the choice of restaurants is so great, however, that total (2) ... is rare. It's difficult to explain exactly what I am looking for in a restaurant. It's certainly not (3) ... surroundings, although I must admit that I'm usually (4) ... to go into a place that looks dirty.

It's hard to find a place to eat which satisfies the whole family. I remember my parents taking me as a child to the most (1) ... restaurant they could find. They didn't think it was worth spending a lot of money on someone who had notable manners. Today the choice of restaurants is so great, however, that total (2) ... is rare. It's difficult to explain exactly what I am looking for in a restaurant. It's certainly not (3) ... surroundings, although I must admit that I'm usually (4) ... to go into a place that looks dirty.

(1)  ... school, college or university would be as effective without a library. Libraries are essential in these places, as are public libraries in our towns and cities. But we have to accept that times are changing, books are cheaper to buy, people spend less time reading books, and consequently, libraries aren't as busy  (2)  ... they once were. Besides that, the Internet provides us with so  (3)  ... to read, that old books in libraries now have some serious competition. But despite this, I think that we still need libraries, and they must adapt in order  (4)  ... to disappear.

(1)  ... school, college or university would be as effective without a library. Libraries are essential in these places, as are public libraries in our towns and cities. But we have to accept that times are changing, books are cheaper to buy, people spend less time reading books, and consequently, libraries aren't as busy  (2)  ... they once were. Besides that, the Internet provides us with so  (3)  ... to read, that old books in libraries now have some serious competition. But despite this, I think that we still need libraries, and they must adapt in order  (4)  ... to disappear.

(1)  ... school, college or university would be as effective without a library. Libraries are essential in these places, as are public libraries in our towns and cities. But we have to accept that times are changing, books are cheaper to buy, people spend less time reading books, and consequently, libraries aren't as busy  (2)  ... they once were. Besides that, the Internet provides us with so  (3)  ... to read, that old books in libraries now have some serious competition. But despite this, I think that we still need libraries, and they must adapt in order  (4)  ... to disappear.

(1)  ... school, college or university would be as effective without a library. Libraries are essential in these places, as are public libraries in our towns and cities. But we have to accept that times are changing, books are cheaper to buy, people spend less time reading books, and consequently, libraries aren't as busy  (2)  ... they once were. Besides that, the Internet provides us with so  (3)  ... to read, that old books in libraries now have some serious competition. But despite this, I think that we still need libraries, and they must adapt in order  (4)  ... to disappear.

1.  She described the whole play to us ... detail.

2.  Both my sons are crazy ... old motorbikes.

3.  The restaurant prides itself ... having the best pizza in town.

4.  There are so ... lemons in the fridge that I can't make lemonade.

5.  ... Susan use to be slim when she was at university?

6.  Bob Dylan ... original name was Robert Zimmerman won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.

1.  She described the whole play to us ... detail.

2.  Both my sons are crazy ... old motorbikes.

3.  The restaurant prides itself ... having the best pizza in town.

4.  There are so ... lemons in the fridge that I can't make lemonade.

5.  ... Susan use to be slim when she was at university?

6.  Bob Dylan ... original name was Robert Zimmerman won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.

1.  She described the whole play to us ... detail.

2.  Both my sons are crazy ... old motorbikes.

3.  The restaurant prides itself ... having the best pizza in town.

4.  There are so ... lemons in the fridge that I can't make lemonade.

5.  ... Susan use to be slim when she was at university?

6.  Bob Dylan ... original name was Robert Zimmerman won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.

1.  She described the whole play to us ... detail.

2.  Both my sons are crazy ... old motorbikes.

3.  The restaurant prides itself ... having the best pizza in town.

4.  There are so ... lemons in the fridge that I can't make lemonade.

5.  ... Susan use to be slim when she was at university?

6.  Bob Dylan ... original name was Robert Zimmerman won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.